Tuesday, 28 February 2017

Eminent Personalities and Their Contributions -भारत के प्रमुख व्यक्ति एवं उनके कार्य


Eminent Personalities and Their Contributions -भारत के प्रमुख व्यक्ति एवं उनके कार्य

Here goes the List of all famous personalities who contributed towards the welfare of India by their deeds and by launching various scheme or by enacting movements. This list is helpful in preparation for various competitive exams like SSC, HSSC , RRB , Banking etc. Click below to download this in PDF version.

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Here goes the List of all famous personalities who contributed towards the welfare of India by their deeds and by launching various scheme or by enacting movements. This list is helpful in preparation for various competitive exams like SSC, HSSC , RRB , Banking etc. Click below to download this in PDF version.

Click to Download
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100 Most Frequent English Idioms To Be Used In Daily Conversation Pdf Download




100 Most Frequent English Idioms


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  1. About To (Do Something)
  2. According To (Someone Or Something)
  3. Account For (Something)
  4. After All
  5. All Of A Sudden
  6. As A Matter Of Fact
  7. As Far As
  8. As For
  9. As If
  10. As Long As
  11. As Soon As
  12. As To
  13. As Well
  14. As Well As (Someone Or Something)
  15. Back And Forth
  16. Better Off
  17. Break Down (Something) Or Break (Something) Down
  18. Break Up Or Break Up (Something) Or Break (Something) Up
  19. By The Way
  20. Carry Out (Something) Or Carry (Something) Out
  21. Come On!
  22. Come Up
  23. Come Up With (Something)
  24. Deal With (Something)
  25. End Up (Doing Something Or Going Somewhere)
  26. Figure Out (Someone Or Something) Or Figure (Someone Or Something) Out
  27. Fill In (Something) Or Fill (Something) In
  28. Find Out (Something)
  29. First Of All
  30. For Good
  31. For Sure
  32. Get Back To (Something)
  33. Get Into (Something)
  34. Get Into (Somewhere)
  35. Get Out Of (Somewhere)
  36. Get Rid Of (Something)
  37. Get Through (Something)
  38. Go Ahead
  39. Go On
  40. Go Over (Something)
  41. Go Through (Something)
  42. Go With (Something)
  43. Hang Out (Somewhere Or With Someone)
  44. Have (Something) To Do With (Something)
  45. Hold On
  46. In A Way
  47. In Case
  48. In Common
  49. In Detail
  50. In Effect
  51. In Fact
  52. In Favour Of (Someone Or Something)
  53. In General
  54. In Order To
  55. In Other Words
  56. In Place
  57. In Some Ways
  58. In Terms Of (Something)
  59. In Time
  60. Keep (Someone Or Something) In Mind
  61. Kind Of
  62. Look For (Something)
  63. Look Up (Something) Or Look (Something) Up
  64. Make A Difference
  65. Make Sense
  66. Make Sure
  67. More Or Less
  68. No Matter
  69. Not At All
  70. Of Course
  71. On The Other Hand
  72. On Time
  73. Once Again
  74. Open To (Something)
  75. Pick Up (Something) Or Pick (Something) Up
  76. Point Out (Someone Or Something) Or Point (Someone Or Something) Out
  77. Put Out (Something) Or Put (Something) Out
  78. Regardless Of (Something)
  79. Right Away
  80. Rule Out (Someone Or Something) Or Rule (Someone Or Something) Out
  81. Run Into (Something -A Fact Or Trouble Or Problems Or Difficulty)
  82. Set Up (Something) Or Set (Something) Up
  83. Show Up
  84. So Far
  85. So To Speak
  86. Sort Of (Something)
  87. Stick With (Something)
  88. Take Advantage Of (Someone Or Something)
  89. Take Care Of (Someone Or Something)
  90. Take Out (Something) Or Take (Something) Out
  91. Take Over (Something) Or Take (Something) Over
  92. Take Place
  93. To The Extent That
  94. Turn In (Something) Or Turn (Something) In
  95. Turn Out
  96. Up To
  97. Up To (Someone) To Decide (Something) Or Do (Something)
  98. Used To (Something)
  99. With Respect To (Something)
  100. Work Out
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Sunday, 26 February 2017

Jallikattu - Timeline of Judgements


Jallikattu

Jallikattu (or sallikkattu), also known as eru thazhuvuthal and manju virattu, is a traditional spectacle in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns.



Origin –
  •   Jallikattu is typically practised in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (in some areas of Maharastra, Karnatka and Gujrat too) as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day (the 3rd day of the four-day long event, Pongal).
  •  Jallikattu was believed to be a common practice during the classical period (400-100 BC).
  •   A seal from Indus Valley civilization depicting the practice is preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi.

Etymology -
Jallikattu is derived from the words ‘calli’ (coins) and ‘kattu’ (tie). Which means a bundle of coins is tied to the bull’s horns. In older times, the tamer sought to remove this bundle from the animal’s head to win gold or silver. He would be called ‘brave’ and ‘valourous’ and would also sometimes be rewarded with a bride.
The bulls are well-fed and are bred by the villagers before the event. 
What happened to the bulls after the event is over ?
  • The tamed weak bulls are used for domestic activities and agriculture. While,
  •   The strong ones are used for breeding.

Timeline of Judgments on Jallikattu:
1991
The Environment Ministry had banned the training and exhibition of bears, monkeys, tigers, panthers and dogs. This was challenged by the Indian Circus organisation in the Delhi High Court but the court upheld the notification.
2004
Animal activists, the FIAPO (Federation of India Animal Protection Agencies) and PETA India started protest against the practice.The Animal Welfare Board of India filed a case in the Supreme Court of India for an outright ban on Jallikattu because of the cruelty to animals and the threat to public safety involved. Protestors claims that Jallikattu is promoted as bull taming it exploits the bulls’ natural nervousness as prey animals by deliberately placing them in a terrifying situation in which they are forced to run away from those they perceive as predators and the practice effectively involves catching a terrified animal.
2006
The Madras High Court banned it after the death of a young spectator.
2009
 Tamil Nadu Government passed Regulation of Jallikattu Act[TNRJA], 2009 giving conditional permission for holding Jallikattu between January and May of any year.
2010
 (27 November 2010) Supreme Court also gave conditional permission to jallikattu under the provisions of TNRJA, for a period of five months starting from 15 January of any year. The Government of Tamil Nadu ordered that ₹2 lakh (US$3,000) be deposited by the organizers in case of an accident or injury during the event and enacted a rule to allow a team of veterinarians be present at the venue for certifying the bulls for participation in the event and to provide treatment for bulls that get injured.
SC Directions :
ü  Bulls must be monitored by Animal welfare board officers to ensure no steroids or performance enhancing drugs are given.
ü  Only 4 men against 1 bull.
ü  Don’t allow Spectators in the ring.
ü  Double barricades to protect innocent bystanders.
ü  Medical teams to treat the wounded men and animals.
2011
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests added bulls to its 1991 notification banning the training and exhibition of bears, monkeys, tigers, panthers and dogs. (Meaning organizers cannot train bulls for Jallikattu). But the practice continued to be held under Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27 of 2009.
2013
 PETA reports that despite SC guideline and Tamilandu Act, the cruelty continues. For example, to ensure bull behaves aggressively, organizers injure its tail, put chilli powder in its eyes, they even feed desi liquor to the bull. When bull behaves violently, crowd gangs up and beats it mercilessly. PETA made documentary, and asked SC for complete ban of this festival.
2014
 (7 May 2014)The Supreme Court banned Jallikattu and struck down the 2009 act.
2016
ü  Jan , 2016: The Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change under Modi government amended the 2011 notification, allowing the Jallikattu and bullock cart races across Maharastra, Karnatka and Gujrat with certain conditions (this exemption is subject to the condition that bulls are treated properly and not subjected to cruelty).

ü  July , 2016 : The Supreme Court, on a petition filed by Animal welfare Board and PETA, over turned the order and Banned the Sport .

2017
ü  Jan 8 2017,students and youngsters from Tamilnadu gathered at Chennai Marina and conducted a rally opposing the ban of Jallikattu. The participants walked from the lighthouse to labour statue bearing posters saying ‘save Jallikattu’. It is reported that there were 20,000 participants in the rally, which was organized by a group of non-political and youth organizations. Following the protests at Chennai, many students started rallies in various towns of Tamilnadu.

ü  Jan 21 2017, Due to these protests,  the Governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of Jallikattu events. The ordinance is a ‘State amendment’ to the Central Act – Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960). This means that in its application to Tamil Nadu, some provisions will be different from what they are for the rest of the country. PCA falls under Entry 17 (Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in the Concurrent List of the Constitution. This means both the Centre and the States have concurrent power to enact laws on the subject.


ü  Jan 23 2017, the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bi-partisan bill, with the accent of Indian President, exempting jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960). But Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned by Supreme Court in 2009.

Conclusion : The legal situation surrounding jallikattu is as yet not clearly resolved. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned by Supreme Court in 2009. For the Supreme Court, the question of interim stay on Tamil Nadu’s Jallikattu Amendment Act is still open.


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Friday, 24 February 2017

Male Reproductive System PDF Download

Male Reproductive System

Human’s reproductive system is located in pelvic cavity which is formed by pelvis bones. The pelvis (plural: pelves) is a set of bones(2 in number). Many people think of the pelvis as the hip bone, because it is at the hip. The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. In vertebrates, the legs are attached at the pelvis.

The function of the pelvis is to protect the organs used for digesting and for reproduction (making babies). It is also important for bearing some load.
The pelvis is symmetrical. It is made of the following bones:
1. The hip bone made of:
  •  The top part is the ilium
  •  The middle part (the upper part of the loops) is called pubis
  • The lower part (the lower part of the loops) is called ischium
2. The sacrum
3. The coccyx
 


The male reproductive system includes the following structures:
1.     Penis
2.     Scrotum
3.     Testes (testicles)
4.     Vas deferens
5.     Seminal vesicles
6.     Prostate gland
7.     Urethra

Penis
The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body.

The penis is made of several parts:

Glans (head) of the penis -
It is the sensitive bulbous* structure at the distal* end of the human penis. In uncircumcised men, the glans is covered with pink, moist tissue called mucosa. Covering the glans is the foreskin (prepuce). In circumcised men, the foreskin is surgically removed and the mucosa on the glans transforms into dry skin.
Bulbous – fat/round
Distal- situated away from the centre of the body or from the point of attachment.

Corpus cavernosum -
Two columns of tissue running along the sides of the penis. Blood fills this tissue to cause an erection.

Corpus spongiosum -
 A column of sponge-like tissue running along the front of the penis and ending at the glans penis; it fills with blood during an erection, keeping the urethra -- which runs through it -- open. The urethra runs through the corpus* spongiosum, conducting urine out of the body.
(Corpus - the main body or mass of a structure)

An erection results from changes in blood flow in the penis. When a man becomes sexually aroused, nerves cause penis blood vessels to expand. More blood flows in and less flows out of the penis, hardening the tissue in the corpus cavernosum.

 Scrotum –
The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the testicles. One testis is typically lower than the other, which functions to avoid compression in the event of impact. The scrotum acts as a climate control system, allowing the testicles to be slightly away from the rest of the body and keeping them slightly cooler than normal body temperature for optimal sperm development. The muscles in the scrotum, called the cremasteric muscles, move the testicles slightly within the scrotum depending on the surrounding temperature.

Testes (testicles)-
The testes (or testicles) are two olive-sized oval bodies, one on the right side and one on the left side. The testes have two main functions:

·         to produce sperm (the male reproductive cell), and
·         to produce testosterone (the male sex hormone).

The epididymides and the vasa deferentia are attached to the testicles and are important in transporting sperm cells after they develop in the testes.
The term testicles includes the testes as well as the surrounding structures, such as the vas deferens and the epididymis. These two names, testes and testicles, are often used interchangeably even though their definitions are slightly different.

Epididymis-
 The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.

 Vas deferens-
 The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.

Seminal vesicles-
The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides nutrients for the sperm and lubricates the urethra. This fluid mixes with other fluids to create the semen. The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.

Prostate –
 The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body.
The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostate squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled with sperm as semen.

Bulbourethral glands -
Also called Cowper's glands(2 in number), these are pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.

 Ejaculatory ducts-
These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles (see below). The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.

Urethra- 
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.


How Does the Male Reproductive System Function?

The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that regulate the activity of many different types of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone.
Follicle-stimulating hormone is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis), and luteinizing hormone stimulates the production of testosterone, which is also needed to make sperm. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass, facial hair growth, voice change, and sex drive.

Terms Related to Penis–

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Genetial(s) – Male’s Reproductive organs.

Dick / Penis / Cock - External Sexual Organ.

Boner - spontaneous erections that occur during sleep or while waking up at morning.

Morning Wood – Non Sexual Erection during and immediately following sleep.

Circumcision - Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis.In the most common procedure, the foreskin is opened, adhesions are removed, and the foreskin is separated from the glans.

An intromittent organ is a general term for an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. When animal/human sexual behaviour is reproductively motivated, it is often termed mating or copulation

Pubic hair - Pubic hair is body hair found in the genital area of adolescent and adult humans, located on and around the sex organs, the crotch, and sometimes at the top of the inside of the thighs, in the pubic region around the pubis bone.

Puberty / sexual development
- Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.


To read more about Testicles, Scortum, Epididymis and Urethera please download PDF file.

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Thursday, 23 February 2017

Maharashi Charaka - महर्षि चरक - An Introduction PDF Download



महर्षि चरक को औषधि का जनक कहा जाता है।
महर्षि चरक की शिक्षा तक्षशिला में हुई ।
महर्षि चरक का जन्म किस काल या समय में हुआ, इस बात का कोई पुख्ता साक्ष्य उपलब्ध नहीं है। यहां तक कि भारत के पौराणिक इतिहास में भी इससे जुड़ा कोई तथ्य नहीं मिलता।

त्रिपिटक का जब चीनी अनुवाद हुआ तो उसमें चरक ऋषि को कनिष्क का राजवैद्य बताया गया लेकिन चरक संहिता बौद्ध मत का विरोध करती है इसलिए ये बात प्रमाणित नहीं कही जा सकती। हां, इस बात से यह अंदाजा जरूर लगाया जा सकता है कि चरक ऋषि का संबंध कनिष्क के काल से रहा होगा।

एक मत के अनुसार चरक व्यक्ति न होकर कृष्ण यजुर्वेद की शाखा का नाम है और 'चरक संहिता' का संकलन उसी शाखा के किसी व्यक्ति ने किया हो। जो भी हो चरक के ग्रंथ की ख्याति विश्व-व्यापी रही है।
महर्षि चरक पहले ऐसे चिकित्सक थे जिन्होंने चयापचय, शरीर प्रतिरक्षा और पाचन से संबंधित रोगों को पहचाना और उनका निदान करने के उपाय बताए।
महर्षि चरक ने ही सर्वप्रथम मानव शरीर में मौजूद तीन स्थायी दोषों, वात, पित्त और कफ को पहचाना और इनकी अवधारणा को दुनिया के समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया।
महर्षि चरक के अनुसार शरीर में मौजूद वात, पित्त और कफ जैसे स्थायी दोष जब तक संतुलित अवस्था में रहते हैं, तभी तक इंसान का शरीर स्वस्थ रहता है। जैसे ही इनके बीच मौजूद संतुलन बिगड़ने लगता है, मानव शरीर रोग ग्रस्त हो जाता है। इसलिए स्वस्थ रहने के लिए ये बहुत जरूरी है कि व्यक्ति इन तीनों के बिगड़ते संतुलन को पहचाने और उसे सही करने का प्रयास करे।
चरक संहिता की उत्पत्ति –
हिन्दू धर्म में त्रिदेवों का विशेष महत्व है, जिनमें ब्रह्मा को सृष्टि का रचयिता, विष्णु को पालनहार और महेश को विनाशक कहा जाता है। पौराणिक दस्तावेजों के अनुसार जब ब्रह्मा ने सृष्टि की रचना संपन्न कर ली तब उन्होंने देखा कि उनके बनाए हुए मानव भिन्न-भिन्न रोगों की चपेट में आते जा रहे हैं।

इस समस्या से छुटकारा पाने के लिए जब असुरों और देवताओं के बीच समुद्र मंथन हुआ तब स्वयं भगवान विष्णु ही धनवंतरि का रूप लेकर समुद्र में से निकले और उन्होंने ही आयुर्वेद की रचना की। माना जाता है कि सर्वप्रथम ब्रह्मा ने आयुर्वेद का ज्ञान अपने पुत्र प्रजापति को प्रदान किया और प्रजापति से यह ज्ञान अश्विन कुमारों तक पहुंचा और अश्विन कुमारों ने आयुर्वेद के ज्ञान को इन्द्र देव को प्रदान किया।

कहते हैं एक बार धरती पर फैली महामारियों के प्रकोप से हजारों की संख्या में मनुष्य अपनी जान गंवाते जा रहे थे। इस बात से देवता और ऋषि-मुनि सभी परेशान थे। इस समस्या का निदान पाने के लिए प्रमुख ऋषि-मुनियों ने हिमालय में एक सभा बुलाई और उस सभा में सर्वसम्मति के साथ ऋषि भारद्वाज को प्रमुख बनाकर इन्द्र देव के पास आयुर्वेद का ज्ञान प्राप्त करने के लिए भेजा। इंद्र देव ने समस्त ज्ञान ऋषि भरद्वाज को प्रदान किया और बाद में भारद्वाज ऋषि ने अपने शिष्यों, आत्रेय और पुनर्वसु को यह ज्ञान प्रसारित किया।

इसके बाद अत्रेय-पुनर्वसु के शिष्यों ने अपनी प्रतिभानुसार आयुर्वेद के ग्रंथों की रचना की। इनमें आत्रेय-पुनर्वसु के शिष्य अग्निवेश ने अग्निवेश संहिताकी रचना की जिसे कालांतर में चरक संहिताभी कहा गया, क्योंकि इसका संपादन महर्षि चरक द्वारा किया गया था।

चरक संहिता की रचना संस्कृत भाषा में हुई और कहीं-कहीं इसमें पालि भाषा के भी शब्द मिलते हैं। इस संहिता को गद्य और पद्य दोनों में ही लिखा गया है और इसे आठ स्थान और 120 अध्यायों में विभाजित किया गया है।
चरक संहिता में व्याधियों के उपचार तो बताए ही गए हैं, प्रसंगवश स्थान-स्थान पर दर्शन और अर्थशास्त्र के विषयों की भी उल्लेख है।
आठवीं शताब्दी में इस ग्रंथ का अरबी भाषा में अनुवाद हुआ और यह शास्त्र पश्चिमी देशों तक पहुंचा।
'चरक संहिता' आज भी वैद्यक का अद्वितीय ग्रंथ माना जाता है।

'चरक संहिता' के आठ स्‍थान निम्‍नानुसार हैं
1. सूत्रस्‍थान - इस भाग में औषधि विज्ञान, आहार, पथ्‍यापथ्‍य, विशेष रोग और शारीरिक तथा मानसिक रोगों की चिकित्‍सा का वर्णन किया गया है।
2. निदानस्‍थान - आयुर्वेद पद्धति में रोगों का कारण पता करने की प्रक्रिया को निदान कहा जाता है। इस खण्‍ड में प्रमुख रोगों एवं उनके उपचार की जानकारी प्रदान की गयी है।
3. विमानस्‍थान - इस अध्‍याय में भोजन एवं शरीर के सम्‍बंध को दर्शाया गया है तथा स्‍वास्‍थ्‍यवर्द्धक भोजन के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान की गयी है।
4. शरीरस्‍थान - इस खण्‍ड में मानव शरीर की रचना का विस्‍तार से परिचय दिया गया है। गर्भ में बालक के जन्‍म लेने तथा उसके विकास की प्रक्रिया को भी इस खण्‍ड में वर्णित किया गया है।
5. इंद्रियस्‍थान - यह खण्‍ड मूल रूप में रोगों की प्रकृति एवं उसके उपचार पर केन्द्रित है।
6. चिकित्‍सास्‍थान - इस प्रकरण में कुछ महत्‍वपूर्ण रोगों का वर्णन है। उन रोगों की पहचान कैसे की जाए तथा उनके उपचार की महत्‍वपूर्ण विधियाँ कौन सी हैं, इसकी जानकारी भी प्रदान की गयी है।
7. और  8. साधारण बीमारियाँ - ये अपेक्षाकृत छोटे अध्‍याय हैं, जिनमें साधारण बीमारियों के बारे में बताया गया है।

ध्यान दें
आयुर्वेद की सर्वश्रेष्ठ कृति मानी जाने वाली चरक संहितामें भारत के अलावा यवन, शक, चीनी आदि जातियों के खानपान और जीवनशैली का भी जिक्र मिलता है। इस पुस्तक को विभिन्न भाषाओं में अनुवादित भी किया जा चुका है। अरब के प्रसिद्ध इतिहासकार और विद्वान अल-बरूनी ने भी कहा था हिन्दुओं की एक पुस्तक चरक के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है, जो कि औषधि की सर्वश्रेष्ठ पुस्तक मानी जा सकती है।


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